See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad
He led an army and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from the North African coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the Rock of Gibraltar.
The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Ṭāriq", which is named after him.
It is astonishing that the fact that these people were Black is covered up and this is not taught or even talked about during Black History Month or...in academics.
Black people, Moors, ruled Spain and parts of western Europe until 1488 when Ferdinand and Isabella were defeated. See The Story of the Moors in Spain by Stanley Lane-Poole. https://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-story-of-the-moors-in-spain-by-stanley-lane-poole/
We have taken turns enslaving each other. The Christian take over of Spain at the end of the Moorish rule was a set back to western civilization.
So many tech advantages came from this empire. Many, labled as witchcraft by ignorant Christians and destroyed...not to be rediscovered for hundreds of years.
Check it out. Let me know what you think.